Supporting Information for Investigating the Superhydrophobic Behavior for Underwater Surfaces Using Impedance-Based Methods

Surface Tension. To properly direct the Cassie-Wenzel transition using variations in the surface tension of the aqueous solution (sol ) in contact with the SH film, we first established the behavior of sol  at various mass fractions of ethanol (Figure S1). The surface tension of the liquid was as high as 71.3 mN/m for pure water (water ) and as low as 21.7 mN/m for pure ethanol (EtOH ), and continuous additions of ethanol to the aqueous solution resulted in a monotonic reduction of sol . The results show that large reductions in the surface tension of the liquid phase are achieved at low concentrations of ethanol, i.e.